School boards in an uproar. Parents protective of their children. Teachers defensive. Students confused. The furore over creation versus evolution has been going on for almost a century and a half since Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species (1859).
Recently, Gallup reported that a quarter of Canadians continue to believe that God created human beings in our present form within the last 10,000 years and referred to that belief as “creationism.” And more than a third of Canadians think that creationism should be taught in schools.
Uh, oh.
The crucial thing to get straight here is that the apparent battle of “creation versus evolution” is, in most respects, nonsense.
Belief in creation means simply to believe that a deity, or several deities, brought the cosmos into being. It is a core belief of many religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, of course, but also certain varieties of Hinduism and Buddhism and of tribal religions around the world. That God (or the gods) created the world is what ought to be meant by “creation” and “creationism.”
How God (or the gods) did this creating is the open, scientific question.
Nowadays, however, many people assume that belief in creation (= “creationism”) means a very particular set of beliefs: that the Biblical God created the world in six 24-hour days; that the earth is less than 10,000 years old; and that the planet appears older because a global flood in Noah’s time laid down the deep layers of sediment that evolutionists think took billions of years to accumulate.
These beliefs are not, in fact, traditional Christian beliefs. They are instead a particular, and recent, variety of Christian thought, properly known as “creation science” or “scientific creationism.” Creation science was popularized in a 1923 book called The New Geology by amateur U.S. scientist George McCready Price. A Seventh-Day Adventist, Price learned from Adventism’s founder Ellen G. White that God had revealed to her that Noah’s flood was responsible for the fossil record.
Price didn’t influence the popular mind much, however. It remained for a 1961 book called The Genesis Flood, largely an academic dressing-up of Price’s work by engineer Henry Morris and theologian John Whitcomb, to disseminate the creation science scheme. A variety of organizations (such as the Institute for Creation Research in Texas) have so energetically propagated these ideas that some polls show they are believed by more than 40 per cent of the American population and, as Gallup recently confirmed, by a considerable fraction of Canadians.
This version of creation, however, is but one of four different understandings of "creation and evolution" held by Bible-believing, church-going Christians.
The second popular view among conservative Protestants has been that there was a huge interval between an original creation described in Genesis 1:1 and the “formless and void” earth described in Genesis 1:2, out of which God then created the present world. This “gap theory” was promulgated by the Scofield Reference Bible (1909)—the Bible of dispensational theology—and has since been accepted by millions of Christians the world over.
A third version understands the six “days” of creation to be metaphors describing “ages” of time, any of which might have been millions of years long. This was the view of McGill University’s distinguished scientist Sir J.W. Dawson in Darwin’s day. More surprisingly, it was also the view of William Jennings Bryan, the famous defender of creation at the Scopes “Monkey” Trial in Dayton, Tennessee in 1925.
Finally, there are those Christians who believe that God used the process of evolution. Within this general position are several varieties.
Even many creation science people believe God has used evolution to produce minor changes within species (so-called micro-evolution) but God otherwise directly produced each significantly new and different form of life. This view is coherent also with the “day/age” theory. Micro-evolution takes place during the long ages of the latter creation “days” when life emerges on the planet.
Some Christians believe God generally used evolution (macro-evolution), and they reserve God’s special intervention to the creation of humankind (and perhaps the origin of the universe itself). Such believers feel—as many other Christians do, too—that there are key theological reasons to maintain belief in the immediate divine creation of a first (fully) human pair, Adam and Eve. They particularly note that the doctrine of a Fall by an original human couple helps explain the subsequent history of humankind and particularly God’s economy of redemption. Without an actual Adam and Eve, so this theo-logic goes, much of the Bible’s teaching about sin and salvation doesn’t make (as much) sense (Gen. 3; Rom. 5; I Cor. 15).
So-called Intelligent Design (ID) is compatible with either of these two views. At least some natural phenomena are best explained—particularly because of their complexity and what we might call the interdependent complexity of their components—by positing the direct creative action of an intelligent designer.
Finally, some Christians believe in full-fledged “theistic evolution”: that God used evolution plain and simple (as if it is “plain and simple”!) to produce all life on earth.
Thus the Genesis account is seen by many believers to be highly figurative about the mechanics of creation, but still teaching important truths about it: that the world is an ordered and interdependent whole; that human beings are to care for the earth as gardeners care for a garden; and especially that it was God, not impersonal processes or other deities, that brought all else into being. Augustine, in fact, is an example of the many Bible-believing Christians who have thought that Genesis 1–3, and perhaps most or all of Genesis up to chapter 11, is poetic, not historical. These Christians believe that these special chapters of Genesis teach crucial theological and ethical truths while they leave the questions of the origin of the physical and living worlds entirely to scientific and historical inquiry. "Creation" and "evolution" for such Christians simply don't intersect, so long as neither flatly denies what the other holds as reasonably established truth.
There are only two respects, then, in which speaking of “creation versus evolution” makes sense. First, when certain Christians—and pollsters (ahem)—insist that “creation” or “creationism” must mean only “creation science”—and thus any divine use of (macro-)evolution is ruled out—then, yes, you have "creation" on one side and "evolution" on the other.
Second, “creation versus evolution” makes sense from the other extreme: when certain evolutionists insist that “evolution” must mean only what Darwin thought it meant—namely naturalistic or atheistic evolution. For then, of course, “creation versus evolution” really amounts to “theism versus atheism.” Put this way, however, we should recognize that we are dealing now with a religious and philosophical issue, not a scientific one. Science cannot, in the nature of the case, rule out God as somehow supervising evolutionary processes.
To be sure, science might someday conclude that “we have no need of the hypothesis” that God created the world (per Laplace). We should be honest enough and knowledgeable enough, however, to recognize, even as scientific laypersons (among which I myself, of course, must be numbered), that science is a long way from proving that we don’t need such a hypothesis. There remain large issues unanswered in current evolutionary theory—whether regarding the origin of the universe (the “something from nothing” problem); or the immensely improbable cosmological “fine tuning” necessary for life on Earth; the amazing origin of life from nonlife; the currently inexplicable arising of multicellular organisms; or the persistent problem (noted by Darwin himself) of the absence of “transitional forms” in the fossil record (the many “missing links”). It may not, that is, be so preposterous to believe in a “God of the gaps” when the gaps look more like a landscape of canyons.
Maybe evolution, theistic or otherwise, can explain all these things. Noted Christian scientist Francis Collins believes in evolution as a scientific theory just as firmly as atheist Richard Dawkins believes.
But we all should allow that evolution on its own has not yet explained all these puzzles. And that’s a pretty allowance to make—as the ID proponents, as well as the creation science people, rightly insist. Indeed, the late evolutionist Stephen Jay Gould himself agreed sufficiently that he and Niles Eldredge postulated “punctuated equilibrium” as a theory to explain the last problem on that list—a way to "save Father Darwin," as Gould once put it.
In sum, many Christians endorse one or another form of evolution, and Christians have done so since Darwin's own day. But the creation science and ID people aren’t wrong about everything. Their opponents would do well to heed their criticisms, even if they hate their alternative theories.
So what should we do about the vexed questions about origins and evolution?
First, we should teach science as a method, as an adventure of discovery and debate, not as a dull, fixed set of indubitable data points to be indoctrinated into bored schoolchildren. We should teach students what science really is: an extended argument about what we have discovered and what it means, not just a list of established facts. As the late Neil Postman pointed out—and he was no friend of theism or Intelligent Design—what better opportunity could textbook writers and teachers have to demonstrate how science actually works than to plunge students into a controversy like this one?
Second, we ought to keep clear what is science and what is religion. When scientific creationists move beyond concluding that the scientific evidence suggests the action of some vague supernatural force behind the Big Bang or other gaps in the history of scientific origination (a circumspection ID proponents try to maintain, to their credit) and they start proclaiming Jesus Christ as Saviour from sin, then a boundary has been crossed and illegitimately. There is no valid chain of reasoning from scientific discussion of the origins and character of life on earth to the great truths of the gospel. Christians have always recognized that we need the revelation of God—chiefly in the Bible and supremely in the ministry of the Lord Jesus and the illumination of the Holy Spirit—for that knowledge.
Exactly in the same way, however, when certain notorious scientists start saying that "science teaches atheism," then we’re not talking about science anymore. Science—at least, science in the modern era (it wasn't always this way)—restricts itself to describing how the natural world is on its own. It's a useful way of looking at many interesting and important things. It isn't a useful way to talk about God. Strictly speaking, science is mute on the subject of God—and so should scientists (and philosophers) be in the domain of science.
Third, let’s all appreciate that human beings don’t know everything about anything. Scientific creationists sometimes sound as if they know exactly what the Bible says, and so they know how science must work out. (Beware creation science proponents who have little or no training in Biblical studies, theology, and hermeneutics.) Not even the greatest Bible expert knows for certain just what Genesis 1 and 2 really say about the origins of the world. We can only give interpretation our best shot—and try to stay open to improving our interpretation in the light of fresh insight or evidence.
Similarly, some scientists sound as if they know exactly what the natural record says, and so they know how religion and philosophy must work out. But no one knows for certain how life really began and developed on our planet, either. We can only give interpretation our best shot—and try to stay open to improving our interpretation in the light of fresh insight or evidence.
This is the way both theology and science have proceeded historically. This is the way they ought to be conducted and taught today.
And let's teach our kids to study science carefully and to study the Bible carefully and to relate them carefully. That means doing lots of homework, listening to lots of people, and deliberately and respectfully considering alternative views. There isn't just one authentic Christian position on this complex, fascinating subject.
Darwin’s main defender—his “bulldog”—T. H. Huxley, coined the term “agnosticism” to describe his lack of certainty about God’s existence. (The word means "not-knowing.") A little agnosticism, or at least a little humility, about both our science and our theology would help us all make our way better through this needlessly polarizing controversy over what is fundamentally a false choice, “creation versus evolution.”
